Fig. 3

A Effect of treatment on the relative abundance of R. rattus and M. musculus inside houses during the intervention period (July 2022-March 2023). Data were collected using trapping (captures) and tracking tiles. Effects based on the model with the lowest AIC that included treatment. Models for capture data of R. rattus and M. musculus used a Poisson and negative binomial distribution, respectively. Models for tracking tile data used a binomial distribution for both rodent species. B Effect of treatment on the probability of being infested by and relative abundance of X. cheopis and S. fonquerniei on R. rattus inside houses during the intervention period. Effects based on the model with the lowest AIC that included treatment. Models for the probability of being infested by a flea species used a binomial distribution for both flea species. Models for relative abundance of X. cheopis and S. fonquerniei used a negative binomial and a Poisson distribution, respectively. Forest plot illustrates the odd ratios (circles) and 85% confidence intervals (CI confidence interval; whiskers). Effects with confidence intervals overlapping 1 (vertical dotted line) indicate no significant treatment effect (treatment was a non-informative parameter), whilst those with confidence intervals not overlapping 1 indicate a significant effect of treatment