Fig. 1

A Effect of treatment on the relative abundance of R. rattus and M. musculus inside houses during the pre-intervention period (March 2022). Data were collected using trapping (captures). There was no data collected from tracking tiles during the pre-treatment period. Models for R. rattus and M. musculus used a negative binomial and Poisson distribution, respectively. B Effect of treatment on the probability of being infested by and relative abundance of X. cheopis and S. fonquerniei on R. rattus inside houses during the pre-intervention period (March 2022 for X. cheopis and August or October 2021 for S. fonquerniei). Models for the probability of being infested by a flea species used a binomial distribution, and models for relative abundance used a negative binomial distribution for both flea species. The forest plots illustrate the odd ratios (circles) and 85% confidence intervals (CI confidence interval; whiskers) for the effect of treatment. Confidence intervals overlap 1 (vertical dotted line) indicating no difference between intervention and non-intervention villages during the pre-intervention period. For all analyses, the model with the lowest AIC was the intercept only model