Fig. 9

Age–period–cohort analysis of global STD DALYs rate from 1990 to 2021. A, B Longitudinal and cross-sectional age curves of STD DALYs rate; C comparison of longitudinal vs. cross-sectional rate ratios; D, E fitted temporal trends and period rate ratios; F cohort rate ratios; G, H local drifts and age deviations; I, J period deviations and cohort deviations; K fitted cohort pattern